Nanjing Massacre 1937 - 1937年南京大屠杀

I have just completed the reading this interesting little book on the historical events that happened in China, just prior to the World War II. The book, written by Benjamin Lai 黎建熙 was first published in 2017 by Osprey Publishing and is a factual account of the dark days on China from September 1931 through to December 1936. A chronology of the key events is given on pages 9 and 10 of the book and the photographs of these two page are given herein.

我刚刚读完了这本有趣的小书，内容是关于二战前发生在中国的历史事件。这本书由黎建熙 (Benjamin Lai) 撰写，于 2017 年首次由 Osprey Publishing 出版，是对 1931 年 9 月至 1936 年 12 月中国黑暗日子的真实描述。关键事件的年表在第 9 和 10 页给出本书和这两页的照片在此给出。

Historical Background: This period saw the permanent collapse of the Chinese Dynasty periods. Empress Cixi and Emperor Guangxu both died in the year 1908. Cixi had appointed the two-year-old Puyi 溥儀 as the succeeding Emperor. But, this last Emperor of China, Puyi 溥儀, was now in the control of Japan, heading a puppet Japanese state in Inner Mongolia called Manchukuo in 1931. Other provincial puppet regimes of the Japanese were also established in Liaoning 辽宁, Jilin 吉林, and Heilongjiang 黑龙江.

In the period 1850 to 1864, the Taiping Rebellion which had devastated South China, was quelled. Empress Cixi then back those officials who were encouraging the anti-foreign Boxer rebels. In 1900 the Boxer Rebellion reached its peak; some hundreds of foreigners were killed, and the foreign legations in Beijing were surrounded. However, a coalition of foreign troops soon captured the capital, and Cixi was forced to flee the city and accept humiliating peace terms, with concessions given for foreigners to occupy parts of the commercial centre of Shanghai.

历史背景：这一时期见证了中国王朝时期的永久崩溃。 1908年，慈禧太后和光绪帝都驾崩。慈禧任命两岁的溥仪为继位皇帝。但是，中国末代皇帝溥仪现在在日本的控制下，于1931年在内蒙古领导了一个名为满洲国的傀儡日本。日本的其他省级傀儡政权也在辽宁、吉林,黑龙江和吉林建立.  
1850年至1864年，蹂躏华南的太平天国起义被平息。慈禧太后则支持那些鼓励反洋义和团的官员。 1900 年，义和团运动达到顶峰。数百名外国人被杀，驻京外国使馆被包围。然而，外国军队的联军很快占领了首都，慈禧被迫逃离这座城市并接受了屈辱的和平条款，并给予外国人占领上海部分商业中心的让步。

No less than fourteen foreign countries occupied parts of China during this period. The foreign countries included Japan, USA, Britain, France, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark and The Netherlands. They formed the Shanghai Municipal Council and was in an area known as the Shanghai International Settlement where the main Park had a sign displaying that “Dogs And Chinese Are Forbidden to Enter”.

On January 6, 1932, Japan formulated the Program for Handling the China Issue by having Manchuria and Mongolia be seceded from China to become Manchukuo 满洲国, an area with an independent regime of japan and the former Emperor Puyi installed as its Chief Executive.

In the meantime, the two different sides of mainland China (one side wanting western style of democratic elections headed by Chiang Kai Shek 蔣介石, and the other side wanting a communist system of tight control headed by Mao Zi Dong, 毛泽东) joined forces to fight against the Japanese aggressor. The founding father of the Republic of China, Sun Yat Sen (孙中山）had died prematurely in 1925.

在此期间，不少于十四个外国占领了中国的部分地区。国外包括日本、美国、英国、法国、意大利、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、比利时、巴西、丹麦和荷兰。他们成立了上海市议会，并在一个被称为上海国际租界的地区，主公园有一个牌子，上面写着“禁止狗和中国人进入”。

1932年1月6日，日本制定了《处理中国问题的纲领》，将满洲和蒙古从中国分离出来，成为日本独立政权的满洲国，前任溥仪天皇就任行政长官。  与此同时，中国大陆的两个不同方面（一方面想要以蒋介石为首的西方民主选举方式，另一方面想要以毛子东毛泽东为首的严密控制的共产主义制度）联手作战对抗日本侵略者。 1925年，中华民国开国元勋孙中山早逝。

The Massacre on the Yangtze: History has recorded this event as one of the biggest humiliations of the Chinese people. This event is also known as the Rape of Nanjing. It was the mass murder of innocent Chinese citizens in the then capital of China, Nanjing. It happened during the Battle of Nanjing in the Second Sino-Japanese War that began in December 13th 1937 and lasted for six weeks. The Japanese perpetrators also committed other atrocities such as mass rape, looting and arson.

Because of a myriad of factors, death toll estimates vary from 40,000 to over 300,000, with rape cases ranging from 20,000 to over 80,000 cases. The most credible scholars in Japan, which include a larger number of authoritative academics, support the validity of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and its findings, which estimate at lest 200,000 casualties and at least 20,000 cases of rape. (Source: Wikipedia).

长江大屠杀：历史将这一事件记录为中国人民最大的屈辱之一。这一事件也被称为南京大屠杀。这是当时中国首都南京对无辜中国公民的大屠杀。它发生在 1937 年 12 月 13 日开始的第二次中日战争南京会战期间，持续了六周。日本肇事者还犯下其他暴行，如大规模强奸、抢劫和纵火。 
由于多种因素，死亡人数估计从 40,000 到 300,000 以上不等，强奸案从 20,000 到 80,000 多起。日本最可信的学者，包括更多的权威学者，支持远东国际军事法庭及其调查结果的有效性，估计至少有 200,000 人伤亡和至少 20,000 起强奸案。 （来源：维基百科）。

Xinhua Special: Never forget - the Nanjing Massacre. https://youtu.be/IJPSaR4Ujcg

In the winter of 1937, Japanese troops sacked Nanjing, killing 300,000 Chinese at a rate of one victim every 12 seconds and raping tens of thousands of women, in what has been called one of the most savage atrocities of WWII. Xinhua Special asks — In a time of peace and prosperity, why is it so important that we never forget the Nanjing Massacre?

1937年冬天，日军攻占南京，以每12秒一名受害者的速度杀死了30万中国人，并强奸了数万名妇女，这被称为二战中最野蛮的暴行之一。新华社专访——在和平与繁荣的时代，为什么不忘南京大屠杀如此重要？

Lone video reveals tragedy of Nanjing Massacre. https://youtu.be/e5jiv8zdkCY

China marks 80th anniversary of Nanjing massacre. https://youtu.be/yg4cSgz10is

Xi Jinping meets Nanjing Massacre survivors. https://youtu.be/Hhd2oRqBu5M